Jack conducts an experiment to see whether fear makes mice run through mazes faster. He first selected a sample of 60 mice and then divided them into a control group and an experimental group. He plays a loud sound for the experimental group and induces fear into them. He noticed that the control group mice were running faster. He discovers that someone left a piece of cheese accidently at the end of the maze for the control group which should not have been there. What is the independent variable from the study above?

As bob is driving on an exit off the freeway, he comes to a stop light and sees a homeless man asking people for spare change. “see, he’s a perfect example of why we shouldn’t be giving welfare benefits to the homeless,” bob mutters to his wife. “he’s too lazy to get a job, but he’s healthy enough to beg people for their hard-earned money all day long.” what are the sample and the target in bob’s argument? are there any inductive fallacies present in bob’s reasoning (bias, hastiness, appeal to anecdotal evidence, self-selection)? if so, explain why. if not, explain why not.