The reading shows a technique for cracking chaucer's text, which was encrypted using a basic substitution cipher. that technique, which takes advantage of the fact that certain characters or groups of characters occur more often than others and can be used to crack any substitution cipher, is called:

Frequency analysis

Explanation: When talking about frequency analysis, it basically refers to taking cognizance of how prominent something exist in terms of the number of times it occurs, distinguishing events in terms of their number of occurrence. The frequency analysis technique is used to study, but xamine or evaluate the how often a letter occurs in a ciphertext, it simply means counting the number of occuences of the alphabets of a ciphertext. This method is used to crack classical ciphers by taking advantage of the fact that some letters of the alphabet occurs more often than others.

    racial conflict and discrimination has existed ever since man learned to kill with rocks and bones. these conflicts arose from disputes between territory, power, wealth, religion, or simple difference. some of the most infamous racial disputes include slavery, the holocaust, and the civil rights movement.

    these listed disputes often resulted in casualties from all sides. riots, wars, imprisonment, and lynching are all commonly associated with racial conflict on severe levels.

      however, racism is an improving issue in recent decades. people are being more accepting and welcoming of diverse populations. though, the world isn't perfect and it will take much more time, if ever, until the world is rid of racism.