N low-income nations, most education is a matter of a. formal schooling and then college. b. what children can teach themselves. c. what parents and other community members teach their children. d. teaching by religious leaders.

c. what parents and other community members teach their children

Explanation:

Low Income countries have problem of Economic Dualism. It means that they are struggling between contrasting aspects of development & under development. Eg : Rural & Urban, Growth & inequalities, conventional & modernisation etc.

So, such countries social outlook is also in transition way from conventional towards modern approach. Proper formal education systems have not yet been developed. Education is just an understanding of society as per social groups perspectives. And, the perspectives are shaped according to historical & community believes set of the people. So, Education is just a training about socio economic desirable performance, as taught by parents & community.