25. What was the westernmost territory in Europe controlled by the Islamic cailphates

Islamic Spain

Explanation:

In 711 the armies of Islam conquered the Iberian Peninsula, which now became the westernmost outpost of the Islamic empire. Most of the Peninsula remained under Islamic rule until the early 13th century.

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d

explanation:

it establishes america’s basic laws and fundamentals to its citizens.

answer; u.s senate;