One example of is the fact that a lawsuit filed by California against Nevada over river pollution goes directly before the Supreme Court. a. original jurisdiction b. granting a writ of certiorari c. appellate jurisdiction d. stare decisis

a. original jurisdiction

Explanation:

Original jurisdiction is the exclusive power of the Supreme Court of the United States, where certain matters may be brought directly to the Supreme Court. In other words, the court has the power to first hear a case in court, contrary to the appellate jurisdiction, which has only the authority to review the jurisdiction of the subordinate court. Contextually, a case file that can directly bring California to the Supreme Court on Nevada on river pollution is an example of the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction.

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.