According to Robert Merton’s strain theory, a bureaucrat or an unmotivated teacher would be considered because they follow the culturally approved means (i. e. get an education; find a job) but have given up on culturally approved goals of society (for example, material success).

Ritualism.

Explanation:

The Strain Theory was developed by Robert Merton in 1938. The theory furthered the theory of Anomie by Emile Durkheim. The theory of strain is used to study sociology and criminology.

He divided the theory into five categories namely conformist, innovator, retreatist, ritualist, and rebel.

In the given case, a bureaucrat or unmotivated teacher is ritualistic. A ritualistic is the one who has accepted the fact that because of their position in the society, they can never attain their goal so instead of focusing on the goals, they started adjusting with the means. The teacher has done the same by accepting the means instead of going the wrong way.

So, the correct answer is Ritualism.

according to classical republican political theory, which democratic republics would function best?

a.   small republics, with people who had similar interests

b.   large republics, with people who had competing interests

c.   republics made up entirely of landowners

d.   republics made up entirely of servants