Social Studies, 17.04.2020 19:00, jrynokenna

Supporters of a living Constitution argue that other legal perspectives do not allow the legal system to adapt in response to changes in technology, values, and society that could not have been anticipated by America's founders.

A. True
B. False

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answered: Miguel1310

The answer to that question is false because that never even happend .

answered: Guest

development: floodplain development often directly impacts wetlands by removing vegetation (increasing bank erosion), and filling or draining wetlands for building sites. floodplain development sometimes indirectly impacts riparian wetlands through the installation of artificial stream stabilizing devices like rip-rap and bulk-heads that attempt to stop the natural meandering process which creates new wetlands and replenishes existing ones.

road building: most river valleys have roads and/or railroads. these structures squeeze rivers and streams by narrowing the floodplain. this destabilizes the river which has less room to meander and therefore has an excess of energy. the roads and railroads also affect drainage from uplands onto the floodplains, and many are built on top of areas that once were wetlands. such roads often create long, low-quality wetlands upslope of the road by interrupting surface and groundwater flows. these wetlands can attract wildlife dangerously close to roads. wetland loss caused by roads is mitigated through the restoration of other impacted wetlands although the replacement wetlands are not always of the same type and quality as those lost. see montana department of transportation's off-site wetland mitigation reserves map.

grazing: overgrazing harms wetlands through soil compaction, removal of vegetation, and stream bank destabilization. wetlands offer some of the best forage for livestock as well as a water source and cover, so livestock tends to spend a disproportionately large time in wetlands. there are many grazing strategies that discourage cattle from using wetlands. click on rwrp's web site for a discussion of these strategies.

agriculture: wetlands often have fairly flat areas of rich organic soil that is highly productive agricultural land if drained. for this reason many wetlands have been drained and converted to agricultural lands.

mining: historic mining has had a major impact on wetlands of the clark fork basin, particularly along the upper river where mine wastes have been deposited in the floodplain, creating the country’s largest superfund site. view the superfund site.

the epa also list the following as major human causes of wetland loss: logging, runoff, air and water pollution, introducing nonnative species. see examples of nonnative species here.

the following lists specific damaging actions commonly taken in wetlands.

dumping: dumping fill material buries hydric soils and effectively lowers the water table so hydrophytic (water loving) plants cannot compete with upland plants.

dredging: the removal of material from a wetland or river bed. dredging of streams lowers the surrounding water table and dries up adjacent wetlands.

draining: water is drained from wetlands by cutting ditches into the ground which collect and transport water out of the wetland. this lowers the water table and dries out the wetland.

diverting flow: water is diverted around wetlands, lowering the water table.

devegetation: vegetation plays an important role in wetland ecology by removing water through evapotranspiration, altering water and soil chemistry, providing habitat for wildlife, and reducing erosion. removal of vegetation can drastically and sometimes irreversibly alter wetland function.

damming flow: many ponds and reservoirs are constructed on wetlands. a flooded wetland cannot provide the same habitats and functions.

development of springs: pumping large quantities of water from springs lowers nearby groundwater and can result in the loss of wetland vegetation. compaction of springs by cattle can cause springs to cease to flow.

explanation:

answered: Guest

As citizens grow increasingly wary of whose interests are being represented in the public policy arena, especially in light of recent sensational scandals showing a cozy relationship between professional lobbyists and lawmakers, a crisis of confidence is engulfing many democratic societies across the european and north american continents. public perceptions of undue influence peddling, in which special interest groups exercise too much sway over government for self-serving purposes, have led to growing demands for the regulation of lobbyists and transparency of the policymaking process. the united states and canada have been struggling for decades to refine their systems of lobbyist regulation. of all the shortcomings of the north american model of lobbyist regulation – and there are many – transparency is not, for the most part, one of them. many european countries have also been experimenting with systems of lobbyist regulation. until recently, however, the european national experiments have produced very different results among themselves and in comparison with the north american counterparts. surprisingly, some of the earliest efforts to regulate lobbying occurred among new democratic countries in eastern europe rather than the more advanced industrial democracies of western europe. this observation stands in stark contrast to the north american experience, where lobbyist regulation emerged as an effort to manage a highly developed class of professional lobbyists within the strictures of long-standing democratic principles. the authors find that the answer to this anomaly lies in the fact that early european lobbyist regulations focused not on transparency as a means to regain public confidence in government, but on providing business interests with access to lawmakers as a means to bolster fledgling economies. this focus on access is quickly giving way to demands for transparency as many european governments, racked by scandal, are striving to salvage the public's trust. propelled largely by example from a reluctant european parliament and commission, which are themselves attempting to convince europe that a regional government is in its own interest, several european countries are beginning to make a transition from weak systems of lobbyist regulation, which emphasize business access, to strong systems of lobbyist regulation, which emphasize public transparency. in order to discern ‘best’ practices for achieving transparency through lobbying regulation, the authors first chart the regulatory systems of the united states and canada. that is followed by an analysis of all of the european lobbying regimes. the oft-expressed objection to this new trend toward transparency in europe – that professional lobbyists view such regulations as overly burdensome – is undercut by research on european and american lobbyists’ attitudes toward regulation, which are generally quite favorable. like everyone else, lobbyists realize that they have an image problem and that the best way to address that problem is by operating in the broad daylight of public transparency. finally, the authors offer recommendations on how to enhance transparency in policymaking, drawing from detailed comparisons of the north american and european models of lobbyist regulation.