Experiments that compare different participants in different conditions are known as designs. There are two basic forms of this design. The first is the design where participants are tested on the dependent variable only once following the manipulation. The second is the design where participants are tested on the dependent variable before and after the manipulation.

independent groups

posttest only

pretest/posttest

Explanation:

Posttest-only and pretest/posttest are the two elementary structures for experiments with independent-groups designs.

A posttest only design is most useful when spontaneous behavior is required from the participants.

Pretest-posttest designs developed from the posttest only design to consider issues of assignment bias and allocation of the participants, as they can avoid selection effects.

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