In looking at differences in intellectual ability between groups, most social scientists see the concept of race primarily as a(n) without well-defined physical boundaries.

In looking at differences in intellectual ability between groups, most social scientists see the concept of race primarily as a social construct.

Explanation:

For a long time race had been something that  the people have defined as something that is biological and something that is predefined and predisposed but more and more different races combine and meet the lines have blurred.

Now we are able to understand that it is circumstance that  defined the races accordingly and the bias of society and not any particular way that the body of a person functions as it is not even in the question now.

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the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.