A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.

diffusion
reformulation
internalization
positive sanction
negative sanction
formal sanction
informal sanction

Positive sanction

Explanation:

An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior is a positive sanction. A negative sanction is a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity. ... A formal sanction is a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency, such as a school or government.

the arab empire adopted the muslim religion as their main belief. arabs would influence the people from the territories they invaded towards islam (the muslim belief).

nevertheless, throughout the history of the arab empire, rulers brought intellectual individuals from other religions to their centers of learning. these other foreigners included jews, christians, greeks, persians, and indians.   these resulted in the adoption of important knowledge developed by these cultures by the arabic empire. for example, the works of aristotle were translated from greek to arab and indian scientists brought the numerical concept of "zero" to the arabs.

nowadays, 93% of the arab population is muslim, which at the same time is subdivided in sects including the sunni, zaini, alawi, shia. the remaining 7% is composed mainly of christians.