What were ways the Northerners defied (went against) the fugitive Slave act?

They ran the underground railroad, attempted to save fugitive or kidnapped African Americans, donated money to purchase asylum, and declined to arrest lawbreakers.

i would say b. research typically uses a variety of sources

the correct answer is the following is a list of inventions made in the medieval islamic world, especially during the "islamic golden age" (8th to 13th centuries),[1][2] as well as the late medieval period, especially in the emirate of granada and the ottoman empire.

science and technology in the islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including persia, india, china, and greece-roman antiquity, while making a number of improvements and innovations.