Robbie is a 4-year-old boy in the United States who is encouraged to stand out from the rest and make his needs known. Haruki is a 4-year-old boy in Japan who is encouraged to blend in and refrain from making himself distinct. Robbie is growing up with a(n) , and Haruki is growing up with

individualistic orientation; a

collectivistic orientation

Explanation:The constructs of individualism and collectivism have broadly been explored and linked to behaviour, cognition, motivation, emotion and personality of individuals and groups, and communication (Hofstede 2001; Kuo 2013; Li, Kalyanaraman & Du 2011; Markus & Kitayama 1991; Merkin 2015; Triandis 2001). An individualism-collectivism orientation (I-CO) constitutes one of six cultural dimensions—besides power-distance, uncertainty avoidance vs. anxiety, masculinity vs. femininity (Hofstede 1980), long-term vs. short-term orientation (proposed by Hofstede & Bond [1988] and recalculated by Minkov [2007]; It serves to account for the behaviours of individuals toward themselves and their in-group members and to explain differences between societies and nations. The I-CO has been recognized to have much explanatory power in accounting for cross-cultural differences (Luo et al. 2014; Triandis 2001; Sia et al. 2009).

Collectivism differs from individualism with respect to social relationships between an individual and his in-group members. Collectivism is characterized by an individual’s interdependence with his in-group members and regarding their (collective) goals above his own goals (Cho & Yoon 2001: 77). Individualism is characterized by being autonomous and independent from his in-groups, prioritizing personal goals over their goals, and acting on the basis of one’s own attitudes rather than in-group members’ norms (Triandis 2001: 909).