Which of the following is a doctrine available to defendants whereby a defendant may avoid liability by establishing that the plaintiff voluntarily and unreasonably encountered the risk of the actual harm that the defendant caused?
a. Last-clear-chance doctrine.
b. Assumption of risk doctrine.
c. Contributory negligence doctrine.
d. Res ipsa loquitur.
e. Negligence per se.

Last-clear-chance doctrine.

Explanation:

Last-clear-chance doctrine is an affirmative defense  to defeat a negligence claim. It is applied in case where where both the defendant and plaintiff are partially responsible for some amount of fault giving rise to case.

According to this doctrine , plaintiff has to prove that defendant has the  last chance to avoid the situation or change the situation and prevent injury of plaintiff

the 4th option is the answer

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