a. Cane walking and using a walker (Positive transfer)
b. Downhill skiing and water skiing (Positive transfer)
c. Kickball and baseball (Negative transfer)
d. Mountain biking and whitewater kayaking (Zero transfer)
Explanation:
The act of learning something new that has the ability to be impacted by experiences from the past, which are somewhat related to present activity is simply known as transfer. In reality, three kinds of transfers exists, and they are:
1. Positive transfer: This occurs when what was learned in one situation helps in learning in another entirely different situation. An example of this a knowledge of mathematics may help to grasp subjects related to mathematics such as physics.
2. Negative Transfer: This occurs when learning one task will only ensure that the other task becomes difficult to learn. An example of this: Learning how to drive an automatic car would hinder learning a manual transmission car.
3. Neutral transfer: This occurs when learning a task has no effect on the learning of another task. This means that it neither helps nor negatively impacts. It is sometimes referred to as zero transfer. An example of this can be seen where the knowledge of English does not affect someone ability to drive a car.
a. Cane walking and using a walker are two activities that can be used interchangeable for the same purpose. Hence learning how to use a cane walker can help in learning how to use a walker since the major difference lies in its design but are used for aiding movement, which is the reason for selecting positive transfer.
b. Downhill skiing and water skiing: There have been testimonies from people who say the knowledge of downhill skiing made learning water skiing easy for them. This is because they both involve the use of almost same accessories, but one is done on water and the other is done on snow on mountains. However, they both involve the same movement pattern and are both activities for pleasure and involve almost same type of skills. Hence there will be a positive transfer in this case.
c. Kickball and Baseball: While kickball has different movement pattern from baseball entirely and involves the use of the leg in the sports, baseball involves the use of bats and hands rather than legs. The game rules are totally different and have no similarities whatsoever. Hence the premise for selecting negative transfer. Learning how to play kickball can have a negative impact on learning how to play baseball because of their very different rules, accessories, and about everything.
d. Mountain biking and whitewater kayaking has zero transfer because while they are both leisure activities, they involve very different movement patterns. However learning how to ride a bike has totally no effect on learning how to paddle a boat, which are related to the both activities above, and hence they fall under zero transfer.