Researchers believe that experiencing strong negative emotions such as fear or anxiety will increase people's need to affiliate. To test this idea, the researchers randomly assigned participants to one of two small groups. Members of Group 1 were left for 10 minutes in a room with no windows. While waiting, the lights went out for a brief period of time and the participants could hear screams from another room. Members of Group 2 were likewise left for 10 minutes in a room with no windows, but the lights were left on and no screams were heard. Researchers observed how frequently members of each group started conversations with other members of their group on non-experiment related topics. In this experiment, the independent variable is

Martin is managing a production line in a manufacturing plant in the midwest. martin has a quality and productivity problem in one part of the manufacturing process. he discovers that his workers aren't sure what to do. when he asks why they didn't ask questions, the universal reply is, "we midwesterners don't ask questions, we just do." martin decides to address this problem by offering recognition rewards for anyone who asks the most job-related questions each month that lead to process improvements. unfortunately, martin finds the program doesn't work. when he further questions his workers, he discovers that no one wants to be the first to ask questions. as a group, workers still feel that they should figure it out on their own and not ask questions. martin finds carmen, one of the workers that everyone else admires, and talks her into being the first to ask questions as part of the program. after about a month, several other people begin to submit questions, and soon everyone in the plant is asking questions. refer to case 6.1. martin's plan failed initially because he didn't consider the power of on attitudes.

When zhang qin went to explore west, he brought back stories of

Restricting immigrants from entering a country may be based on what belief?