University researchers create a positive externality because what they discover in their research labs can easily be learned by others who haven't contributed to the research costs. What could the federal government do to equate the equilibrium quantity of university research and the socially optimal quantity of university research produced?

Having spent much in getting sophisticated equipment and gadgets used in these researches by the university administration, the outcome of these researches should be encrypted against public consumption, and if eventually anyone out of the shore of the bodies that contributed in finance and human resources wise is in need of these, he should do the needful by subscribing through making a mandated payment of an actual amount in order to have access to the information.

all cities have a governor

all cities are in states or provnies then country

all cities have people

difference

some are rich

some are poor

some are average

b hope this