11. Affirmative action programs: a. have been widely adopted by private and government employers. b. have always been optional for all employers. c. are controversial because they are seen as reverse discrimination. 12. One of the possible legal challenges to affirmative action programs is that they violate the clause of the Amendment. Because this amendment is at play, any affirmative action program that uses race or ethnicity as a basis for decision making is reviewed by the courts using scrutiny. Fill in the blanks with words that would best complete the passage. Fourteenth free speech intermediate Fifteenth rational basis due process strict Sixth equal protection 13. Because discrimination law is primarily federal, states are not allowed to pass laws that ban affirmative action or protect classes other than those in the federal laws. a. True b. False

- Affirmative action programs: c. are controversial because they are seen as reverse discrimination.

- One of the possible legal challenges to affirmative action programs is that they violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Because this amendment is at play, any affirmative action program that uses race or ethnicity as a basis for decision making is reviewed by the courts using strict scrutiny.

- Because discrimination law is primarily federal, states are not allowed to pass laws that ban affirmative action or protect classes other than those in the federal laws- this is a false statement.

Explanation:

An affirmative action is a program that uses past discrimination to justify present decisions by giving some sort of consideration to protected status.

Discrimination means treating an individual differently and unfairly because of their race, sex or social status. A discrimination law deals with the incidents of unequal or unfair treatment. People are even discriminated based on disability, genetic makeup and other personal characteristics.

According to Fourteenth Amendment, the court uses strict analysis to review affirmative action programs.

answer; (true);

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