Areas of the Middle East and North Africa that were administered by a European power, with a promise and preparation for self-government and future independence were called:.a. colonies. b. townships. c. mandates. d. territories. e. republics.

c. mandates

Explanation:

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swahili is an extremely rich and complex civilization, a set of ethnic groups articulated by a language and a series of cultural elements that fuse the african traditions, islam and indian culture. this growth was largely a result of the indian ocean trading network that brought in not just man-made riches, but also religious ideas, specifically islam, which had a significant impact on the local culture. furthermore, the development of the swahili language gave a common cultural unity to the people.