Drew is unable to recall whether Lincoln's head faces left or right on the penny. Which of the following is probably the best explanation for Drew's memory failure?
a. The information is difficult to retrieve, because it is stored along with so many other pieces of information in Drew's long-term memory.
b. The information was learned so long ago that it is no longer stored in Drew's long-term memory.
c. The information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny.
d. The information was immediately displaced from Drew's working memory after it was encoded.

The best explanation is C. the information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny.

Explanation:

Attention plays a key factor in memory, in order for information to be encoded, stored and later retrieved.

In this specific case we can see that Drew probably did not pay attention to Lincoln's head on the penny and thus that information was not encoded and stored in his memory.

C

Explanation:

The information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny

It can not be said that Drew had a memory failure because before you can call it a memory failure she must have encoded the information, stored it then later make use of it

In this situation we can see that Drew probably did not pay take note of Lincoln's head on the penny and that means the information was not encoded and stored in her memory.

c. reserves power to the states and people