In one survey, Americans were more optimistic that they themselves would go to heaven than would either Michael Jordan or Bill Clinton. This best illustrates.

a. the spotlight effect.
b. the Barnum effect.
c. self-serving bias.
d. the self-reference phenomenon.
e. an internal locus of control.

This best illustrates C. Self-serving bias.

Explanation:

The self-serving bias is an individual's tendency to attribute or assign positive event to his/herself and negative ones to others, to externals. It aims to maintain one's self-esteem by perceiving oneself as a positive individual or in a positive favorable manner.

In this case, we can see this is an example of self-serving bias because the Americans attribute positive outcomes to themselves, such as going to heaven instead of Michael Jordan or Bill Clinton.

a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity. enforcement of norms or shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations. social control. not everyone internalizes all of society's norms, and some people must be motivated by self-fulfillment.