Proximate cause: a. is no longer an element of negligence. b. was established in the Palsgraf case. c. need not be proved in every negligence case. d. is the same as causation.

d. is the same as causation.

Explanation:

In a legal sense, the term proximate cause refers to a thing that happened to cause something else to occur. This is usually brought up when something has gone wrong, such as an automobile accident in which someone was injured and the courts deem the event to be the cause of that injury.

the answer is b, encourage free trade

the correct answer is the following is a list of inventions made in the medieval islamic world, especially during the "islamic golden age" (8th to 13th centuries),[1][2] as well as the late medieval period, especially in the emirate of granada and the ottoman empire.

science and technology in the islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including persia, india, china, and greece-roman antiquity, while making a number of improvements and innovations.