Groups often develop through , characterized by alternating periods of stable functioning and events that cause dramatic change in norms, roles, and/or objectives.

punctuated equilibrium

Explanation:

The punctuated equilibrium can be explained or described as a situation of evolutionary pattern, that is ,based on patterns of first appearances and subsequent histories of species in the fossil record.

For example, when there is a change in the habitat of an organism , the organism tends to develop an adaptation to it, which in the process, results to the development of adaptation structure. And this eventually means a difference in  the evolutionary pattern of the organism.

the 2nd option is the answer

answer; humanistic;