In Chapter 1, Iris Marion Young is referenced as proposing that we understand differences of culture, social perspective, or particularistic commitment as resources to draw on for reaching understanding in democratic discussion rather than as divisions that must be overcome.

The  ancient egyptians  who  built the pyramids  may have been  able  to move massive stone blocks across the desert by wetting the sand in front of a contraption  built  to pull the heavy objects

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.