Students often sit in class before an exam looking exhausted from having pulled an all-night studying session. Their professors are often frustrated because they’ve suggested spreading the studying out over longer periods of time instead of using a massed-practice approach. The effectiveness of distributed practice has been supported by repeated research studies. This reminds us of the importance of .

replicability

Explanation:

what are the answer choices?

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.