Marta needs an electrician to do some work at her home. Her father advises her to make sure that the firm she plans to hire is not a closed shop. Marta is not sure what this means, but later learns that the "closed shop" that her father was referring to is:
a. a place of employment in which most of the workers are union members.
b. a firm that requires union membership by its workers as a condition of employment.
c. a firm that keeps its doors closed to union members.
d. a firm that prohibits any efforts to introduce a union among its employees.

b. firm that requires union membership by its workers as a condition of employment

Explanation:

A closed shop also called a pre-entry closed shop refers to an agreement whereby the employer only hires an employee if he has union membership and must remain a member of that union to continue in employment. It is a form of security agreement to ensure genuiness of employee. Closed ship is opposed to post-entry closed shop or union shop which requires the employee to become a member of a union if they are not already members, and must be accepted by the union.

explanation:

actually, not all representation was acceptable based on this little piece of article, in 1776, the second continental congress issued the declaration of independence, stating their specific grievances with the british monarchy and why they were going to create a separate government. after the colonies separated from the british monarchy and formed the united states of america, they had to answer some crucial questions: 1) if not a monarchy, what type of government was the united states going to have? 2) what kind of government was going to protect the people without violating their individual liberties?