The tale of professor larry foster and his grade book filled with fs was told by one generation of faculty to the next with a mix of envy, awe and delight. if there was one thing you could be sure of, there was no grade inflation in his department, whose culture was formed primarily by:

critical incident.
reward system.
environment.
rules and procedures.

CRITICAL INCIDENT.

Explanation: Critical incident technique as defined by Flanagan John is the set of procedures for collecting direct observations of human behaviour in such a way as to facilitate their potential usefulness in solving practical problems and developing broad psychological principles.

This technique is used for identification of organizational problems as can be deduced from the question, a grade filled with F's is definitely a problem and the critical incident technique can be used to solve this problem by following the five major areas that the critical incident technique relies on. they are reviewing the incident; fact finding; identification of issues; decision on how to solve issues and ; evaluation.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

well considering i can't see the graph, it's probably prices