Indigenous groups with their own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state, are known as what?

its kind of blury sorry

the answer to this question is d

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

the correct answer is c.