Astudy that tells us whether two variables are associated, but does not tell us if one variable causes or influences the other, is:

Correlational Studies

Explanation: Correlational Studies is used to identify or establish the relationship between two variables or more variables. However, correlation studies fails to establish the fact that a change in one variable influences or causes the corresponding change in the other variable known as causal relationship. It shows how an increase or decrease in one variable affects the other but doesn't cause of the change which could be investigated using experimental study.

the most likely outcome of fewer loon territories is that hawks would increase in proportion because the benefit of victory would be greater. hawks and loons are natural rivals of resources and victories in the game, since the lakes drying up affected the loons, the hawks would be benefited from the drought.