African americans have not followed the same path of upward mobility as other american ethnic groups largely because of the lack of:

Explanation:

1. The downward mobility of welfare recipients is also an instance of gendered mobility. (Feliciano and Rumbaut 2005).

2. Whether the second generation Haitians and West Indians who assimilate into African American groups are therefore downwardly mobile is actually an empirical question that still needs to be studied.

3. The Irish who came to America early in the 19th century were redefined as white by driving blacks out of the occupations and industries in which they had served as the cheapest labor (Ignatiev 1995).

4. Selective and consonant acculturation are examples of partial acculturation. (Gibson 1988, Portes and Rumbaut 2001).

5. A static economy may discourage incumbent niche occupants from moving up or may force their children to take over the niche, thereby also discouraging immigrant upward mobility.

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