Indicate how militant white opposition gradually undermined the republican attempt to empower southern blacks.

Militant white opposition was able to gradually undermine the initial attempts to empower southern blacks by layering on different legislative measures to restrict African American participation again, like literacy  restrictions for voting and having to pay poll taxes.

Explanation:

Reconstruction led to many back and forth measures on the part of the federal government and the Southern States that were seeking to re-enter the Union but were still resentful of the social changes being mandated from Washington.  The radical Republicans in the House and Senate had made the state governments in the South ratify Amendments like the 14th and 15th that granted civil rights to all African Americans. After the initial hesitation and back-stepping that occurred with President Johnson, the House and Senate were able to pressure the Southern States to adopt more progressive measures. For a few years there was black representation in many states and even some Congressmen and Senators were elected federally like Hiram Rhodes Revels and Jefferson F. Long. But that was soon rescinded as the states started adopting legislative measures to restrict African American participation again, like voting restrictions and having to pay poll taxes.

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)