Is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student

A CUPCAKE is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas A CERTIFICATE OF ACHIEVEMENT GIVEN TO A STUDENT is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Explanation:

The most effective way to teach a person or animal a new behavior is with positive REINFORCEMENT. In positive reinforcement, a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior.

In the question above, both cupcake and good grades are positive reinforcement. The difference between the primary reinforcement and secondary reinforcement is that the former motivates to start, it is a gearing force to begin, while the later is given for a job well done.

Another example is giving a five-year-old child, Jerome, a toy so he could clean his room. Jerome quickly cleans his room because he is already reinforced primarily. And he is given award of most clean boy in the house, that's secondary reinforcement

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answer; can each be concretely realized in different ways;