Concepts, ideas, opinions, feelings, and other intangible entities are often labeled as "insubstantial phenomena." select one of the following 3 phenomena that would be considered insubstantial, and explain two different ways — one qualitative and one quantitative — that you might measure it:

a) the closeness of undergraduates’ social network friends;
b) the "campus climate" at your university;
c) "irrational exuberance" about the stock market.

The phenomena which can be considered as "insubstantial" is:

Based on the given question, we are asked to show the quantitative and qualitative aspects of how to measure the concept which can be looked upon as  insubstantial from the list of given options.

With this in mind, we can see that the campus climate can be viewed as insubstantial because it is considered as an insubstantial phenomena which is either a concept, idea or feeling.

Furthermore, when measured quantitatively, we can see that numerical data is used to measure the mood of the campus and the qualitative method has to do with the use of polls to decide the overall feeling about the campus climate.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B

Read more about quantitative measure here:

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Insubstantial phenomena are often labeled as concepts, ideas, opinions, and other intangible entities. Of the three phenomena that would be considered insubstantial, I would choose to measure the “campus climate” at my university. Qualitative research is where data is not presented in a numerical data. The purpose of qualitative research is to be able to understand the societal realism of groups, individuals, and cultures as well as gather information while observing/studying people in their natural environment. Quantitative research is a classification of the scientific method that uses different statistical techniques to quantify opinions and information for a particular study. It is designed to understand and emphasize logical reasoning and all measurable information about human experiences.

facts: the 14th amendment

the 14th amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws.

the 14th amendment was intended to protect the rights of former slaves after the american civil war.

the 14th amendment was approved by congress in june of 1866 and ratified by the states on july 9, 1868.

the 14th amendment establishes that all persons born in the united states are citizens and are guaranteed all the rights of citizenship.

the 14th amendment establishes that the law protects all citizens equally.

in this case the passage of the 14th amendment   that was violated was the last part in which it states that there is equal protection of the law.

answer; cultural trait;