Ben is a three-year-old child who cries when he hears a loud noise. he was very excited to meet the family’s new dog, but the dog barks a lot. now, every time ben sees the new dog, he immediately starts crying. what is the conditioned response (cr)?

Ben's crying

Explanation:

Conditioned response: In psychology, the term conditioned response is one of the stages in the classical conditioning theory which was proposed by Ivan Pavlov while experimenting on dogs. The conditioned response is also denoted as CR, and is defined as a reflexive behavior or learned response to a particular conditioned stimulus or CS.

In the question above, the conditioned response is Ben's crying.      

the answer to your question is,

d. when a child was born.

-mabel < 3