How did trade affect human societies

Reformation, calvinism, the colonization of the americas and the changes in political power (from nobility to bourgeoisie) during the late 1500s and 1600s. how did these events contribute to the rise of the modern-nation state and capitalism?

French revolution to the correct category

A. spinoza thinks that we human beings are due for what was described in class as an “ontological demotion.” explain this ontological demotion, comparing his view of what we are to a more traditional aristotelian view. (you should concentrate on spinoza’s views on the human body, but be sure to say something about what he thinks the human mind is.) why does he think the demotion is needed? is he right? explain why the demotion matters to the overall project of the ethics.