In the 13th century who also criticized reliance on deductive logic and metaphysical speculations and urged scientists to adopt an inductive investigation method involving observation and experimentation with appropriate instruments and methods, rather than mere reasoning?

The correct answer is Francis Bacon

Explanation: Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, politician and one of the founders of the inductive method of scientific inquiry, which was based on Empiricism. His studies contributed to the history of modern science.

For Francis, science was a technique and scientific knowledge should be considered practical tools for controlling nature.

answer; a council of the best hunters;

male citizens in athens could vote on all the decisions that affected the city and serve on juries. however, democracy was not open to everyone. citizen women and children were not allowed to vote. slaves and foreigners living in athens (known as metics) were banned from participating in government.