5. look at the picture of the ring of fire, an area of high volcanic and earthquake activity. what causes the high concentration of volcanic activity known as the “ring of fire”?

The important movement and, as a consequence, overlap of tectonic plates in the Ring of Fire area is the cause for the concentration of volcanic activity.

When tectonic plates are pushed towards one another (converge), the edge of one plate is often forced beneath the edge of another. This is called subduction. Tectonic plates are made of rock, and when their edge is subducted under another plate, the rock melts into magma. When there is too much magma under the surface of the Earth, it can erupt through a volcano.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

the answer to your question is,

d. when a child was born.

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