When researchers discuss "self-fulfilling prophecy," they are referring to:
a. a situation in which negative expectations about ability lead the stigmatized person to experience anxiety at the thought of performing poorly and confirming the stereotype
b. this anxiety often has the unfortunate effect of inhibiting performance and confirming the stereotype
c. process by which a perceiver's expectations about a target lead that target to behave in ways that confirm those expectations
d. process whereby members of stereotyped groups disengage their identity from a stereotype-relevant domain, in order to preserve their self-esteem
e. situation in which it is difficult for the perceiver to ascertain whether the target's behavior was influenced by the situation or by the individual's personality or attitudes