Gabrielle didn't study for this exam and really wants to cheat. this is entirely unacceptable to her superego, which won't let her do this. however, gabrielle thinks she sees nearly everyone else in the class cheating during the exam. this is an example of the defense mechanism called
a. sublimation
b. reaction formation
c. displacement
d. projection

This is an example of the defense mechanism called projection.

Explanation:

Projection involves individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feeling and motives to another person or group of people. In this case, Gabrielle's superego tells her that cheating is incorrect; but as she thinks everyone in her class will cheat on the exam, she would not feel that bad for doing so.

chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. the final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the educational research institute.

answer; you are making a normative argument and i am making a positive argument;