Through african americans were emancipated in 1865, they were disenfranchised by the and forced to pay taxes in order to vote. it was only after the voting rights act of that the political system opened up for african americans.

Through African Americans were emancipated in 1865, they were disenfranchised by the 15th Amendment and forced to pay poll taxes in order to vote. It was only after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that the political system opened up for African Americans.

Explanation:

In the last years of the US Civil War and subsequent years of Reconstruction, Congress repeatedly discussed the issue of rights for millions of former black slaves. By 1869, amendments were adopted to abolish slavery and ensure civil rights and equal protection in accordance with the law, but the victory with only a slight margin by Ulysses Grant in the presidential election in 1868 convinced most Republicans that protecting the voting rights of black voters is very important for the future party. After refusing to accept an expanded version of the suffrage amendment, Congress proposed a compromise amendment prohibiting restrictions on voting rights based on race, color, or slavery in the past, February 26, 1869.

The United States Supreme Court decisions in the late 19th century interpreted the amendment very narrowly. From 1890 to 1910, the majority of black voters in the South were virtually disempowered due to new constitutions and laws that included obstacles to running in elections, such as poll taxes and discriminatory literacy tests.

In 1965, the Voting Rights Act was adopted as a new radical measure, according to which the use of special checks (tests) that weed out voters could be suspended in any state if, in the court’s opinion, they could limit citizens’ voting rights on the basis of race or color. This Act is fundamental in the history of federal legislation in the field of protection of the electoral rights of citizens.

answer:

d. because dr. laguardia selected a widely used measure, his study generalizes to has strong external validity. external validity has limited external validity. other applications of this measure.

the widely used measure that he applied to his experiment was the benton facial recognition test. it employed on to football players and as result, only players who suffered brain concussions did not pas this test. and although it has an external validity, it is limited because it isn't general to apply to other population.

answer; /// i believe the correct answer is general act charters;