All of these represent specific phobias except: a. fear of needles. b. fear of cats. c. fear of embarrassment. d. fear of darkness.

c. fear of embarrassment.

Explanation:

Phobia: The term phobia is defined as a category of anxiety symptoms caused by a specific situation or object.

Specific phobia: The term specific phobia is defined as a type of anxiety disorder that leads to an irrational fear associated with exposure to a certain situation or object. Hence, if a person is dealing with specif phobia he or she tends to avoid that situation or object.

Example: Fear of closed space, dogs or insects, etc.

Cause:

1. Negative experiences.

2. Genetics and environment.

Treatment: Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.

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