"the hr manager told stella that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family of four. as a single woman, this benefit did not seem especially important to her right now. here, stella is low on the element of expectancy theory."

Valence element of expectancy theory  

Explanation:  

Vroom, Herzberg, and Ma-slow give the theories in which they all focused on need satisfaction a person. Vroom differentiates between performance, outcomes, and efforts. But on the other hand Ma-slow and Herzberg, both focus on the relationship between the internal needs and their outcomes.  

Valence is a term that focuses on the value output by the employee. In the positive valence, the person must attain the outcomes but do not attain the valence. The employee can be motivated by a good incentive such as money. Thus the person who pays more value money will attain money rather than an external time off.  

The Valence expectancy work on perception rather than motivation. It can work for some but not for all.

even though you have attached neither the chart nor the generalizations, i have located them online. the right answer is d, since they are asking you about a generalization. you can only infer from the chart that between 2008 and 2009 the number of employed workers decreased significantly (from over 115 millions to 107 millions approximately), which signals some type of economic crisis.