In the nineteenth century, audience members who knew the opera intimately served as "claques," or experts who signaled others in the audience when to applaud, or as "bisseurs," who signaled when to call for encores. these experts served as a source of for less sophisticated audience members.

Bull files a suit against clay in a state court over payment due on a short-term lease of grazing land. the case proceeds to trial, after which the court renders a verdict. the case is appealed to an appellate court. after its review of bull v. clay, the appellate court upholds the lower court’s verdict. the appellate court has:

In the spring of 1989, thousands of protesters gathered in tiananmen square in beijing, china. they rallied around a plaster statue that resembled the statue of liberty which they called “the goddess of democracy.” these protestors were seeking a) united states assistance in gaining better health care. b) economic reforms which would allow more chinese exports. c) the boycott of the future olympic games scheduled for beijing. d) political reforms to allow more freedom of speech and political representation.

Identify the constitutional principle that is common in both this excerpt and federalist no. 51. based on the constitutional principle identified in part (a), explain how the perspective in this excerpt compares with the perspective in federalist no. 51. explain how the constitutional principle identified in part (a) is reflected in the constitution, including two examples to explain how it affects the u. s. political system