17. which dynasty needed the “mandate of heaven” in order to rule?

Zhou

Explanation:

The Zhou created the Mandate of Heaven: the idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods. They used this Mandate to justify their overthrow of the Shang, and their subsequent rule

The Zhou Dynasty

Explanation:  Zhou Dynasty overthrew the Shang Dynasty and used the Mandate of Heaven as justification.

The Zhou created the Mandate of Heaven: the idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods. They used this Mandate to justify their defeat of the Shang, and its subsequent rule.

Some scholars think that the previous Xia Dynasty never existed - that it was invented by the Zhou to support their claim under the Mandate that there was always only one ruler of China.

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for edgenuit.