In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the "social gospel" was a. chiefly concerned with redeeming the nation’s cities. b. first described by andrew carnegie. c. intended to offer spiritual, not material, assistance to the poor. d. a belief that god had chosen the rich to be rich and the poor to be poor. e. a reform movement guided by the american catholic church.

A)  chiefly concerned with redeeming the nation's cities.

Explanation: Social Gospel movement was the movement that was based protest that was started by the Christian for betterment of the social conditions for the urban poop people. They wanted to redeem the cities of nation by improving the people and condition on social and economic level.

Other options are incorrect because Andrew Carnegie didn't described about it firstly, belied of god about rich and poor is false , didn't wanted to offer material help to poor people and didn't initiated by American catholic church. Thus , the correct option is option(A)

the following men who did not in the unification of italy were.

a) giuseppe mazzini

c) alexander ll

the other two men were camilo cavour and giuseppe garibaldi they the unification of italy by yielding territories in the italian unification. in 1861 italy was declared a united-nation state under the sardinian king victor immanuel ll.