Who were the first people to develop the ancient sea routes around the mediterranean

This description of the "firm league of friendship" of states is a quotation from the

Using mr smith and his id, identify two potential internal validity threats that might affect the a—b design. tell me how that threat might impact conclusions in the a—b design. note #1: you cannot use maturation (since i already did that one for note #2: there are some mr smith id threats that won’t have much impact in a single case design.

Which of the following is considered a push factory a. available jobs b. unfair treatment c. religious freedom d. affordable land