The framers' most significant modification of the traditional doctrine of the separation of powers was to
a. ensure that the powers of the separate branches overlap, so that each could better act as a check on the others.
b. define legislative power precisely, while defining executive and judicial power only in general terms.
c. grant the power of judicial review to the judiciary.
d. include federalism.
e. include a two-chamber legislature.

Pj conducts an experimental study on the effects of soft music during high stakes science testing. he randomly assigns students at the school. in one condition he does not provide music for testing while in the other group he does provide the music. he administers a pretest at the beginning of the year and a posttest at the end of the year. pj’s design is best described as a: a. static group comparisonb. pretest-posttest control group designc. control-group-time-series designd. nonrandomized control-group pretest-posttest design