Organismic theories of motivation:
(a) are based on the principles of instigation, inhibition, and consumption.
(b) are based on the principles of pursuing pleasure and avoiding pain.
(c) endorse a socialization model to understand motivation.
(d) endorse a person-environmental dialectical framework to understand motivation

Letter D is the correct answer.

The organismic theory was inspired by the German neurologist and psychiatrist Kurt Goldstein and highly influenced by gestalt psychology. Motivation is a process by which behavior is driven by energy and direction. In Psychology, organismic theories of motivation support a person-environmental dialectical framework to comprehend motivation.    

first, the romans stayed isolated because they had to defend their own territories from neighboring cities that were harassing them, like the etruscans. second, once the romans managed to defeat their neighbors, and started to expand their territory, they started to build roads and bridges. finally, now that the romans have covered their territory with roads functioning as highways, they could mobilize their legions faster to assemble larger military units in a specific place

every society, in order to meet the needs of it's people, has to answer three basic questions:

- what should we produce?

- how should we produce it?

- for whom should we produce it?

this questions must be answered in order to, option b, aid in production decisions.

every country can't produce everything, no matter how rich their land is. it may be a matter of technology, resources or geographical conditions. so, these three questions must be resolved in order to get the most of the production of each land.

hope this !