John is planning on conducting an experiment to see how men and women differ in geography performance. after describing the study to the participants, he gives them a written geography test. to make sure he does not mix up his data, he has each person write their name at the top of their test. before john leaves the room, he informs the participants that they should drop their exams in an open box outside his office door so that he can pick up the exams when he returns later that week. john's study should
a. not be approved because he has violated the ethical standard of protection from harm.
b. not be approved because he has violated the ethical standard of confidentiality/privacy.
c. not be approved because he has incorporated unnecessary deception in his study.
d. be approved. john has followed all ethical guidelines appropriately.

It is widely assumed that people need to engage in intellectual activities such as solving crossword puzzles or mathematics problems in order to maintain mental sharpness as they age. in fact, however, simply talking to other people—that is, participating in social interaction, which engages many mental and perceptual skills—suffices. evidence to this effect comes from a study showing that the more social contact people report, the better their mental skills. which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the evidence cited? (a) as people grow older, they are often advised to keep exercising their physical and mental capacities in order to maintain or improve them. (b) many medical conditions and treatments that adversely affect a person's mental sharpness also tend to increase that person's social isolation. (c) many people are proficient both in social interactions and in solving mathematical problems. (d) the study did not itself collect data but analyzed data bearing on the issue from prior studies. (e) the tasks evaluating mental sharpness for which data were compiled by the study were more akin to mathematics problems than to conversation.