Analyze the following arguments and tell whether they are valid and sound:
1) 1. if missy is a cat , then she is a mammal.
2. missy is not a mammal.
3. therefore, missy is not a cat.
2) 1. if fido is a dog, then he is a mammal.
2. fido is a dog.
3. therefore, he is a mammal.
3) 1. if fido is a dog then he is a mammal.
2. fido is not a dog.
3. therefore, fido is not a mammal.

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swahili is an extremely rich and complex civilization, a set of ethnic groups articulated by a language and a series of cultural elements that fuse the african traditions, islam and indian culture. this growth was largely a result of the indian ocean trading network that brought in not just man-made riches, but also religious ideas, specifically islam, which had a significant impact on the local culture. furthermore, the development of the swahili language gave a common cultural unity to the people.

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