Hipaa protects a category of information known as protected health information (phi). phi covered under hipaa includes:
a. identifiable health information that is created or held by covered entities and their business associates, provided the data subject is a us citizen.
b. any identifiable health information.
c. identifiable health information that is created or held by covered entities and their business associates that operate across state lines.
d. identifiable health information that is created or held by covered entities and their business associates.

Recall that in one condition of the experiment conducted by stasser and titus (1985) about student council president candidates, all group members had access to the same information, and that in another condition, members had unique information that other group members didn't know. in the second (unshared information) condition, the group made a worse decision than in the first (shared information) condition. this occurred because groups seldom can agree on who is most expert. focus discussion on the information that all members know. often ignore dissenting opinions. avoid differences of opinion, given conformity pressures.